new tobs



A. B. RYPINSjKI. ELECTRICAL RFVETING. APPLICATION FILED IAN. 20, 192i.

Reissued May 23, 1922.

0223. Rypz'ns/ti M Ami? earths.

ALBERT B. RYIINSKI, DIEKBROOKL-iltl', IIEW 5163K, fiSSIGINGI-l TU THOMAS E. MURRAY,

NEVV YGBK, N.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, ALenn'r B. EZPINSKY, a citizen of the United States, residing at Brooklyn, New York, have invented a certain new and useful Improvement in Electrical Riveting, of which the following is a specification.

- Where a metal plate is to be united by riveting to a n0n-metal plate ){the term non-metal here including glass, cement porcelain, wood, rubber, fiber or the-like) if the protruding end of therivet were" conipressed or upset by hammering orstrong mechanical pressure, the non-metaliplate would be otten broken or cracked if of per celain or similar vitreous or plastic ma terial, and it the nonunetalplate were of ood or fiber the hammer (Jr-compression of the rivetwould be liable to force the apset portion into the material and so make an unsightly job. It has been. found practically impossible to apply rivets to porcelain or similar plastic material or to unite such plastic material to another plate by riveting for these reasons. Such. porcelain is genera-lly irregular in thickness and even perfectly flat where the rivet head is to bear on it, andthese irregularities add to the diliiculty.

I believe that I am the tirstio provide for successfully applying rivets to porcelain or the like or "for successfully riveting porcelain or the like to another plate and my invention covers a method 0ft riveting; partic ularly adapted for this purpose and adapted with. advantage to various other uses. the invention being more particularly defined in the claims hereinafter.

In the accompanying drawings:

Figures 1 and F2. are vertical sections of two plates, respectively of glass or porcelain and metal, to be united, the electrodes and the rivet in plate. Fig. 1 shows the position of the parts before, and Fig. 2. after, the riveting operation. Fig. 8 is a plan view of one side of the glass or porcelain plate, showing the elect ically made head of the rivet, after the operation-is completed. Fig. 4 illustrates another use of the process. Similar letters urn-edema: indicate like parts. 1

A is. a non-metal plate of glass, porcelain, fiber, rubber or other non-metallic material,

Specification of Relssued Letters Patent. 'fifiigiggneqi lay 23 1922 Original No. 1,329,144, dated January 2?, 1526, Serial No. reissue filed January 28-, 192i.

swn

sis-$11 filed august 26, 1919. Application for Serial No. 33,761.

to which the metal plate B is to be united. Through said plates, 1 form a, hole to receive the shank the metal rivet C. A. tubular part D of said rivet pretruc -s vond the plate A, and the head E of t rivet lies against said. Ola F is a til-Led electrode, in contact a. h .vhich the rivet iii? head E is placed, or said head may lie in a suitably formed recess or countersink said electroue. G is a. vertically movable electrode h ring on its under side a centering pin H adapted to enter the rivet C.

The plates A, B and ri C beingdis posed, as shown, upoi' the l electrode i and below the niovableelec. H is iutrrduccd into rivet face of said electrode G is with the end of said rive rent is established 'te said ectrodes and. through the ri et, the pr ding part it) or" the rivet "will become highly heated and softened, while the remainder will continue comparatively cool and hard. This is due partly to the thinness of: the tubular part D, whereby the current becomes concen trated thcreat, and partly to the conduction of the heat from the rivet to the cent-acting porcelain and metal parts. The movableelectrode G being new forced downwardly, the protruding portion D of the ct is compressed to term an annular head l, Fig. 2. which is in'close contact- "with the surface of plate It. so that the plates It and B are tightly held together between said head I and the head E.

It will be apparent from the foregoing that after the part D of the rivet is heated and softened, but very little pressure of the movable electrode is required to compress said softened metal and to form the annular head I. Wood, rubber or fiber are abundantly hard to support the head I during its profluctimusothat no indentation of these materials takes place, and as there is no SllOClE'Ol blow delivered upon the rivet, no breakage or cracking of the non-metal plate A; occurs.

This mode of fastening has the further advantage of being independent of slight variations in thickness of the non-metal plate A-such as are commonly found .in plates of glass, porcelain or the likesince the softened metal of head I adapts itself to the cur-- any thickness of plate upon .Which it is formed and to inequalities of the surface thereof. The cooling of the rivet causes it to contract, and so to aid in retainhig the plates closely together.

Fig. l'shows the two provisions by which the rivet is softened at a determined point in its length. First, there is the reduction in cross-section, which results in a greater current density and consequent heating effect. Second, the heat is conducted away from the rivet by the metal electrode F and plate B and to some .extent by the porcelain or similar plate A, and at its upper end by the electrode (Jr and its centering pin II; leaving the part between the upper end-of the rivet and the plate A in contact only with the non-concluding air so that the heat will be concentrated in this part of the rivet. t Thus the intermediate part of the rivet will be soft enough to spread easily, whilethe body within the :plates will hold its shape and the end of the rivet will he sulficiently hard to be shaped by the upper electrode and pin H. It is Within my invention to use these expedients of reduced cross-section and heat conducting contacts to soften the rivet at any determined point in its length and throughout any desired part of such length according to the character of the product desired; and to use this method not only for riveting together the particular plates illustrated but also for the application of rivets of various other-things. Not only'may the plates to be fastened. together he of various shapes and materials, but also the rivets-may be variously shaped to secure the operation described and to secure any additional functions desired.

The heating of therivet to a high degree at only a determined portion of its length has other advantages. It is sometimes desirable to avoid excessive heating of one or more of the parts to be joined, as for example,

the plate B, or to avoid excessive heating of one or both ends of the rivet, For example, the latter may he-of steel coated withcopper Which would he destroyed byan excessive temperature, but Which can he saved by my process of comzentrating the high temperature throughout an intermediate portion of the length of the rivet. (91' where an end of the rivet requires to be of a [mrticular shape to form an electric contact such shape may he preserved by the present process.

The n-iuciple of the invention may be it llpll lltltl also to the uniting ril more than two plates. and the term plates is used to incl ude a variety of articlesot' dillfercnt shapes and din'iegsions. Also the reduction in cross-sectionreferred to m a-y be. effected in various ways other than that shown of making the center hollow; and various provisions may he'applied for' conveying the heat away more rapidly'from the ad acent points than from the oint which is td he softened and upset. illso' this point to be upset may be not merely on one end of the rivet asshown but at other points in the length of'it. The rivet, being inserted cold, may fit closely in the holes through the plates and thus make good contact from the beginning of the heating operation.

Fig. 4 illustrates the application of the process in such a way that the aotualend of the rivet is not upset. The electrode. G is brought down only so far as to upset the intermediate portion of the rivet and. to form a shoulder the rivet retains its shape under this limited movement of the electrode, being in contact with the electrode and the pin H so that the heat is conducted awayfrom' the end of the rivet less rapidly than from the part I. The projection I, for example, may be used to. make any desired electrical or,mechanical connections to the rivets. By properly pr0- portioning the original length of the rivet and the travel of the electrode the extension I may be prod ucedof any desired length.

For the purpose of diminishing the crosssection of the rivet to cause its softening beyond the plate, only the protruding portion need be made hollow. In the ease illustrated the hollow is extended. This is merely for economy of metal, usually copper, and the contact with the work keeps the portion of the rivet which is enclosed therein from becoming. overheated, as above explained.

There is an advantage too in the upsetting of the end of the rivet against the porcelain plate A rather than against the metal plate ll. The surface of the porcelain plate is more or less irregular and its thickness variable. The soft metal can hepressed down to any extent limited by the thickness and will fit into the irregularities of the surface and thus make a good hearing, a much better bearing than could be secured by the com paratively cold and solid head of the rivet. The invention includes the resulting combination of plates of metal and of porcelain or the like with the rivet having its head hearing on the metal and its shank upset and fitting closely into the irregularities of the face of the porcelain, without specific.

The end portion 1' of may be made by those skilled in the art without departure from. the invention as defined in the following claims.

a non-metal plate, which consists in forming registering openings in' both plates,inserting in said openings a tubular metal rivet with its head in contact with said .metal plate and its shank protruding be 0nd said non-metal plate, placing said p ates and rivet between electrodes, establishing current through said rivet to heat and soften the protr uding portion of said shank, and

compressln said portion while so softened to form a ead in contact with sald nonmetal plate.

2. The method of uniting a metal plate to a non-metal plate which consists in forming registering openings in both plates, inserting in said openings a metal rivet with its head fill contact with one of said plates and its shank protruding beyond the other,placing said plates and rivet between electrodes, establishing current thro'il 11 said rivet to heat and soften the protruding portion of said shank and compressing said portionwhile so softened to form a head in contact with the adjacent late. 1

3. The method 0 uniting a metal plate to a non-metal plate which consists in forming registering openings in both plates, inserting in said openings a metal rivet with its head in contact with one of said plates and its shank ,p'rotriiding beyond the other, placing said lates and rivet between electrodes, establis ing current through said rivet and concentrating the re'sultin heat in the pro- 1 trading portion of said s ank just beyond the acjacent plate, and compressing the softened portion to form a head in contact with the adjacent plate.

4. The method of uniting a metal plate to a non-metal plate which consists in forming registering openings in both plates, inserting in said openings a metal rivet with its head in contact with one of said plates and its shank protruding beyond the other, placing said plates and rivet between electrodes, establishlng current through said rivet and concentrating the resulting heat at a point in the protruding portion of the shank just beyond the adjacent plate by maintaining a greater current density at said point than at adjacent points, and compressing the softened portion of the rivet to form a head in I contact with the adjacent plate.

5. The method of uniting a plate of plastic material to a plate of metal which consists in passing a rivet through them with its head on the metal side, and softening and upsetting the shank against the plate of plastic material. 6. The method of riveting which consists in passing a one-piece rivet through the the resulting heat at a determined point in the length of the protruding portion thereof and exerting an .endwisepressure to upset the metal at said determined point.

7. The method of riveting which consists in passing through the work a one-piece rivet with a head on one end only, passing a current throu h the rivet from end to end.- thereofan concentrating the resulting heat at a determined point in the length thereof and exerting an endwisepressure to upset the metal at said determined point only. a

8. The method of riveting which consists in passing I through the work a one-piece rivet with a head on one end only and with its opposite end protrudin through the work and having a reduce cr'oss-section,

'and passing a current through said rivet,

wise pressure to upset the metal at said point of reduced cross-section.

9. The method ofapplyin a rivet to a. device includin a plate of p astic material which consists in passing the rivet through said plate with an end projecting beyond said plate, passing a'current through the rivet and softening and com 'ressing the projecting portion against said Slate to form a head in direct contact therewith.

10. The method of applying a rivet with ahead on one end thereof to a device including a plate of plastic material, which consists in passing the rivet through said plate,

holding it in place at the headed end, with its opposite end projecting through said plate, passingn current through it and soft ening and compressing the projecting por tion thereof against said plate to fond another head in direct contact with said plate.

11. The method of riveting which consists in providing the rivet with a hollow end, passing saidrivet through the work with its hollow end protruding therefrom and passing a current through the rivet, thus effecting a concentration of heat at said end, and upsetting said end.

12. The combination of a metal plate, a plate of plastic material and a rivet passing through said plates and holding them together, the head of the rivet bearing on the metal plate and the shank of the rivet being upset against the face of the plate of plastic material and forced into a close. fit with the irregularities thereof.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto signed my name.

ALBERT B. RYPINSKI. 

